Nano-scale patterning refers to the process of creating patterns or structures at the nanometer scale. Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field that deals with the manipulation and fabrication of materials at the nanoscale, which is on the order of billionths of a meter. Nano-scale patterning is essential for a variety of applications, such as in the semiconductor industry, where the size of the transistors on computer chips has been shrinking to increase their processing power. It is also used in fields like biotechnology, where nanoscale patterns can be used to control the behavior of cells and tissues, and in optics, where patterns can be used to manipulate light at the nanoscale. There are many techniques used for nano-scale patterning, including lithography, electron beam lithography, and various self-assembly techniques. These techniques allow for the creation of patterns with high precision and accuracy, and have led to significant advances in nanotechnology research and development.